offenders
Below we present a list of the 121 cannibalistic offenders used in Oostland & Brecht, 2020. This list is not meant as a complete overview of cannibalistic offenders worldwide during this period. Rather, it reflects the results from our limited search based on newspapers, books, and internet sources. You can find a list of the victims of these cannibalistic offenders on the victims page.
You can download the data set as a csv file (Supplementary Table 1) at the Frontiers in Psychology website.
If you use this data set, please cite the original paper: Oostland & Brecht (2020), Kin-avoidance in Cannibalistic Homicide, Frontiers in Psychology, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02161.
If you have suggestions for improvements or additions for this data set, you can contact us via this website.
Cannibal ID | Cannibal initials | Sex | Offender Country | Offender Birth | Offender Death | Offender Instutionalized | Offender Voices/ Halluzinations | Trial | Plea | Trial Verdict/outcome | Offender Mental score | Victim # upper bound | Victim # lower bound | Victim # best estimate | Cannibalized victims | Non-kin victims | Kin victims | Cannibalized pieces |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | K.D. | M | Germany | 1860 | 1924 | 0 | 0 | No | N/A | N/A | ? | 42 | 31 | 42 | 31 | 42 | 0 | Meat, entire body |
2 | P.K. | M | Germany | 1883 | 1931 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Death penalty | 0 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 0 | Blood |
3 | C.F.W.G. | M | Germany | 1863 | 1922 | 0 | 0 | half | Guilty | N/A | ? | 50 | 3 | 23 | ? | 23 | 0 | Meat |
4 | F.H.K.H. | M | Germany | 1879 | 1925 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 3 | 27 | 24 | 27 | ? | 27 | 0 | Meat |
5 | A.F. | M | USA | 1870 | 1936 | ? | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 2 | 100 | 3 | 8 | ? | 8 | 0 | Meat, blood, entire body |
6 | A.R. | M | USA | 1895 | 1935 | ? | ? | Yes | Guilty | Death penalty | ? | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat |
7 | L.C. | F | Italy | 1894 | 1970 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Insanity/imprisonment | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Blood |
8 | J.G.H. | M | UK | 1909 | 1949 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 1 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | Blood |
9 | N.H. | M | UK | 1917 | 1946 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ? | 2 | 0 | Breasts, nipples | |
10 | B.O. | M | Germany | 1881 | 1948 | 0 | 0? | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Meat, heart, liver, kidneys |
11 | D.H.G. | M | USA | 1933 | 1991 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Unknown | Death penalty | 0 | 110 | 9 | 17 | >3 | 15 | 1 | Genitals, extremities |
12 | J.K. | M | Germany | 1933 | 1991 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | 0 | 20 | 8 | 14 | ? | 14 | 0 | Extremities |
13 | J.K. | M | Czechoslovakia | 1930 | 1964 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Death penalty | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Internal organs |
14 | P.R.F. | M | Brazil | 1954 | 0 | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 100 | 71 | 71 | 1 | 71 | 1 | Heart | |
15 | W.C.B. | M | Canada | 1948 | 2006 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | 0? | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | Breasts/nipples |
16 | S.D.B. | M | USA | 1948 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Heart | |
17 | D.M.N. | M | Canada | 1939 | 1999 | 0 | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0 | Heart, genitals |
18 | M.E. | M | Germany | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat |
19 | A.F. | M | USA | 1942 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Unknown | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Genitals | |
20 | A.S. | M | USA | 1945 | 2008 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 14 | 13 | 13 | ? | 13 | 0 | Genitals, internal organs |
21 | N.B.L.B. | M | USA | 1957 | 2008 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Entire body |
22 | T.J.H. | M | UK | 1945 | 2012 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples |
23 | M.W. | M | USA | 1958 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
24 | G.W.C. | M | USA | 1956 | 2014 | 1 | 1 | No (too mentally insane) | N/A | N/A | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Entire body, heart |
25 | R.T.C. | M | USA | 1950 | 1980 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0 | Breasts/nipples, internal organs, blood, brains |
26 | L.H. | M | Czechoslovakia | 1958 - August 7, 1986 | 1986 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Death penalty | ? | 7 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 0 | No information |
27 | J.L.D. | M | USA | 1960 | 1994 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 17 | 16 | 17 | ? | 17 | 0 | Heart, meat |
28 | A.C. | M | Russia,Ukraine, Usbek | 1936 | 1994 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 1 | 56 | 52 | 54 | ? | 54 | 0 | Breasts/nipples, tongue, face, genitals |
29 | Z.Y. | M | China | 1956 | 2013 | 0 | 0? | Yes | Guilty | Death penalty | 0 | 17 | 11 | 12 | ? | 12 | 0 | Eyes, meat |
30 | A.V.S. | M | Russia,kazan | 1943 | 1987 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 0.5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 0 | Blood, heart, liver, lungs |
31 | N.D. | M | Kazahstan | 1952 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 2 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0 | Blood, breasts/nipples, meat, kidneys, heart | |
32 | R.G. | M | USA | 1953 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 20 | 17 | 17 | ? | 17 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples | |
33 | E.S. | M | USA | 1958 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 20 | 17 | 17 | ? | 17 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples | |
34 | A.K. | M | USA | 1961 | 1999 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Death penalty | ? | 20 | 17 | 17 | ? | 17 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples |
35 | T.K. | M | USA | 1958 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 20 | 17 | 17 | ? | 17 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples | |
36 | I.S. | M | Japanese /france | 1949 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Breasts/nipples, face | |
37 | J-A.H. | M | Estonia | 1957 | 1982 | 0 | 0? | Yes | Unknown | N/A | ? | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | Meat, genitals |
38 | J.J. | M | USA | 1963 | 1996 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Death penalty | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Extremities |
39 | M.Z. | F | Germany | 1957? | ? | 0? | 0 | Yes | Insanity | insanity/ reduced sentence | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat |
40 | B.C. | M | USA | 1951 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Breasts/Nipples | |
41 | H.C. | M | USA | 1952 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | No information | |
42 | G.M.H. | M | USA | 1943 | 1999 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | No information |
43 | J.W. | M | USA | 1964 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Extremities | |
44 | F.G.E. | M | Spain | 1948 | 2014 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 4 | 15 | 11 | 11 | some | 11 | 0 | Heart, Internal Organs, genitals |
45 | T.M. | M | Japan | 1962 | 2008 | 0 | 0.5 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 1.5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | Extremities |
46 | T.A.W. | F | Australia | 1965 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Blood | |
47 | D.R. | M | USA | 1960 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Brain, extremities | |
48 | S.W. | M | South Africa | 1966 | 0 | 1? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 17 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1 | Breasts/Nipples | |
49 | A.N.S. | M | Russia | 1970 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 80 | 4 | 20 | ? | 20 | 0 | No information | |
50 | O.A.N. | F | USA | 1968 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
51 | M.C.A. | M | Brazil | 1967 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Unknown | Institutionalized | ? | 14 | 14 | 14 | 2 | 14 | 0 | Blood | |
52 | I.K. | M | Russia | 1962 | 1 | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Meat | |
53 | J.J.B. | M | Australia | 1966 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 12 | 6 | 12 | ? | 12 | 0 | No information | |
54 | R.W. | M | Australia | 1971 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 12 | 3 | 12 | ? | 12 | 0 | No information | |
55 | J.V. | M | Australia | 1979 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 12 | 1 | 12 | ? | 12 | 0 | Meat | |
56 | P.B. | M | UK | 1969 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | Brain | |
57 | K.K. | M | Korea | 1969 | 1994 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Death penalty | ? | 5 | 5 | 5 | ? | 5 | 0 | No information |
58 | V.L. | M | Romania | 1954 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 3 | 3 | 3 | yes | 3 | 0 | No information | |
59 | D.V. | M | Venezuela | 1957 | 1 | ? | No (too mentally insane) | N/A | N/A | 3 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 0 | Meat, tongue, eyes | |
60 | J.R.M. | M | USA | 1955 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0 | Meat |
61 | V.N.N. | M | Russia | 1959 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Brain, heart, liver, extremities, meat | |
62 | J.S.E. | M | Finland | 1975 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1? | 0? | Genitals, organs | |
63 | D.J.H. | M | UK | 1975 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
64 | J.A.O. | M | USA | 1981 | ? | ? | Yes | Insanity | Unknown | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Brain, heart | |
65 | K.K. | F | Australia | 1955 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
66 | J.R. | M | UK | 1971 | 0? | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Liver, internal organs, eyes | |
67 | A.M. | M | Germany | 1961 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Genitals, meat | |
68 | M.V.S. | M | USA | 1978 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Unknown | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | Extremities | |
69 | A.S. | M | USA | 1976 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Lungs, meat | |
70 | D.R. | M | Germany | 1984 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Blood | |
71 | M.R. | F | Germany | 1987 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Blood | |
72 | Ö.D. | M | Turkey | 1984 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
73 | T.S. | M | Germany | 1979 | 0 | 0 | No (too mentally insane) | N/A | N/A | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Extremities, meat | |
74 | J.K. | M | Denmark | 1967 | ? | 0 | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Breasts, nipples | |
75 | Y.Y. | M | Korea | 1970 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Death penalty | 0 | 26 | 20 | 20 | 11 | 20 | 0 | Internal organs | |
76 | G.D.A. | M | Mexico | 1978 | 2012 | 0? | 1 | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Heart, meat, kidney, extremities, lung |
77 | S.K. | M | India | 1972 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Not guilty | Death penalty | 0 | 38 | 19 | 19 | ? | 19 | 0 | Liver | |
78 | L.P. | M | Sweden | 1977 | 0? | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Blood, meat | |
79 | K.R.U. | M | USA | 1979 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Death penalty | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | No information | |
80 | N.C. | M | France | 1971 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Heart, meat | |
81 | J.L.C.Z. | M | Mexico | 1969 | 2007 | ? | 0 | No | N/A | N/A | ? | 9 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Extremities |
82 | R.A. | M | Austria | 1988 | 1 | 1 | No (too mentally insane) | N/A | N/A | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Blood, brain, internal organs, meat | |
83 | J.B.N. | M | Brazil | 1958 | 0? | 1 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Meat | |
84 | I.C.P. | F | Brazil | 1961 | 0? | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Meat | |
85 | B.C.O.S. | F | Brazil | 1987 | 0? | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Meat | |
86 | A.M. | M | UK | 1976 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Extremities | |
87 | V.W.L. | M | Canada | 1969 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
88 | T.G. | M | Russia | 1981 | ? | ? | ? | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Meat | |
89 | M.G. | M | Russia | 1986 | ? | ? | ? | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Meat | |
90 | Y.M. | M | Russia | 1990 | 0 | 0? | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Internal organs | |
91 | O.S. | F | USA | 1976 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Brain, extremities | |
92 | A.B. | M | Russia | 1988 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Unknown | 1 | 11 | 9 | 11 | ? | 11 | 0 | Liver, heart, meat | |
93 | S.G. | M | Russia | 1982 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Extremities | |
94 | S.S.G. | M | UK | 1969 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Imprisonment | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | Meat | ||
95 | M.C. | M | Slovakia | 1967 | 2011 | ? | ? | No | N/A | N/A | ? | 32 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | No information |
96 | J.O. | M | Germany | 1985 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | murder/ partially reduced responsibility | 1.5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Blood, meat | |
97 | T.L.S. | M | USA | 1977 | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Brains, eyes, blood | |
98 | I.L. | M | Russia | 1990 | ? | ? | ? | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
99 | J.L. | M | USA | 1932 | 2012 | ? | ? | No | N/A | N/A | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Extremities |
100 | A.K. | M | USA | 1990 | ? | ? | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Heart, brain | |
101 | L.R.M. | M | Canada | 1982 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
102 | L.R. | M | Italia | 1968 | 1 | ? | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | No information | |
103 | J.R. | M | France | 1987 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Heart, tonge | |
104 | D.G. | M | Germany | 1958 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | No information | |
105 | G.S.H. | M | USA | 1977 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Guilty | Unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | No information | |
106 | M.W. | M | UK | 1980 | 2014 | ? | ? | No | N/A | N/A | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Face |
107 | S.B. | M | Italian in UK | 1967 | 2018 | 0? | 0? | Yes | Not guilty | Imprisonment | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat |
108 | A.H. | M | USA | 1996 | ? | ? | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Face | |
109 | N.B. | F | Russia | 1975 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Unknown | Imprisonment | 0.5 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
110 | D.B. | M | Russia | 1982 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Not guilty | Unknown | 0 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
111 | A.U. | M | Austria | 1955 | 0 | ? | Yes | Insanity | Imprisonment | 1.5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Internal organs | |
112 | A.Y. | M | Russia | 1983 | ? | ? | ? | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Heart | |
113 | A.S.G. | M | Spain | 1993 | 1 | 1 | ? | Unknown | Unknown | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | No information | |
114 | Mr.B (Raymond et al.) | M | France | ? | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | No information | |
115 | Mr D (Raymond et al.) | M | France | ? | 1 | 0? | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Brain | |
116 | IIIa:1 (Rajs et al.) | M | Sweden | 1969 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | No information | |
117 | IIIa:4 (Rajs et al.) | M | Sweden | 1949 | 1? | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 2.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Meat | |
118 | IIIa or b:5 (Rajs et al.) | M | Sweden | 1954 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Breasts/nipples, genitals, meat | |
119 | IIIa or b:6 (Rajs et al.) | M | Sweden | 1942 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Insanity | Institutionalized | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Genitals | |
120 | Mr. A (Teixeira et al.) | M | Brazil | 1990 | 0 | 1 | No | N/A | N/A | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Brain | |
121 | Albanian man (Kapo et al.) | M | Albania | ? | 1 | 1 | Yes | Insanity | Unknown | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | ? | Internal organs |